|
Country |
Constitution |
Head |
Executive legitimacy |
|
Afghanistan |
Republic |
Executive |
Presidency is independent of legislature |
|
Albania |
Republic |
Ceremonial |
Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence |
|
Algeria |
Republic |
Executive |
Presidency is independent of legislature |
|
Andorra |
Constitutional monarchy |
Ceremonial |
Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence |
|
Angola |
Republic |
Executive |
Presidency is independent of legislature |
|
Antigua and Barbuda |
Constitutional monarchy |
Ceremonial |
Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence |
|
Argentina |
Republic |
Executive |
Presidency is independent of legislature |
|
Armenia |
Republic |
Executive |
Presidency is independent of legislature |
|
Australia |
Constitutional monarchy |
Ceremonial |
Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence |
|
Austria |
Republic |
Ceremonial |
Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence |
|
Azerbaijan |
Republic |
Executive |
Presidency is independent of legislature |
|
Bahamas |
Constitutional monarchy |
Ceremonial |
Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence |
|
Bahrain |
Constitutional monarchy |
Executive |
Monarch personally exercises power in concert with other institutions |
|
Bangladesh |
Republic |
Ceremonial |
Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence |
|
Barbados |
Constitutional monarchy |
Ceremonial |
Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence |
|
Belarus |
Republic |
Executive |
Presidency is independent of legislature |
|
Belgium |
Constitutional monarchy |
Ceremonial |
Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence |
|
Belize |
Constitutional monarchy |
Ceremonial |
Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence |
|
Benin |
Republic |
Executive |
Presidency is independent of legislature |
|
Bhutan |
Constitutional monarchy |
Executive |
Monarch personally exercises power in concert with other institutions |
|
Bolivia |
Republic |
Executive |
Presidency is independent of legislature |
|
Bosnia and Herzegovina |
Republic |
Executive |
Presidency independent of legislature; ministry subject to parliamentary confidence |
|
Botswana |
Republic |
Executive |
Presidency and ministry are subject to parliamentary confidence |
|
Brazil |
Republic |
Executive |
Presidency is independent of legislature |
|
Brunei |
Absolute monarchy |
Executive |
All authority vested in absolute monarch |
|
Bulgaria |
Republic |
Ceremonial |
Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence |
|
Burkina Faso |
Republic |
Executive |
Presidency is independent of legislature |
|
Burundi |
Republic |
Executive |
Presidency is independent of legislature |
|
Cambodia |
Constitutional monarchy |
Ceremonial |
Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence |
|
Cameroon |
Republic |
Executive |
Presidency is independent of legislature |
|
Canada |
Constitutional monarchy |
Ceremonial |
Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence |
|
Cape Verde |
Republic |
Executive |
Presidency independent of legislature; ministry subject to parliamentary confidence |
|
Central African Republic |
Republic |
Executive |
Presidency is independent of legislature |
|
Chad |
Republic |
Executive |
Presidency is independent of legislature |
|
Chile |
Republic |
Executive |
Presidency is independent of legislature |
|
China, People’s Republic of |
Republic |
Executive |
Power constitutionally linked to a single political movement |
|
China, Republic of |
Republic |
Executive |
Presidency independent of legislature; ministry subject to parliamentary confidence |
|
Colombia |
Republic |
Executive |
Presidency is independent of legislature |
|
Comoros |
Republic |
Executive |
Presidency is independent of legislature |
|
Congo, Democratic Republic of the |
Republic |
Executive |
Presidency independent of legislature; ministry subject to parliamentary confidence |
|
Congo, Republic of the |
Republic |
Executive |
Presidency is independent of legislature |
|
Costa Rica |
Republic |
Executive |
Presidency is independent of legislature |
|
Côte d’Ivoire |
Republic |
Executive |
Presidency is independent of legislature |
|
Croatia |
Republic |
Ceremonial |
Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence |
|
Cuba |
Republic |
Executive |
Power constitutionally linked to a single political movement |
|
Cyprus |
Republic |
Executive |
Presidency is independent of legislature |
|
Czech Republic |
Republic |
Ceremonial |
Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence |
|
Denmark |
Constitutional monarchy |
Ceremonial |
Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence |
|
Djibouti |
Republic |
Executive |
Presidency independent of legislature; ministry subject to parliamentary confidence |
|
Dominica |
Republic |
Ceremonial |
Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence |
|
Dominican Republic |
Republic |
Executive |
Presidency is independent of legislature |
|
East Timor |
Republic |
Ceremonial |
Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence |
|
Ecuador |
Republic |
Executive |
Presidency is independent of legislature |
|
Egypt |
Republic |
Executive |
Presidency independent of legislature; ministry subject to parliamentary confidence |
|
El Salvador |
Republic |
Executive |
Presidency is independent of legislature |
|
Equatorial Guinea |
Republic |
Executive |
Presidency is independent of legislature |
|
Eritrea |
Republic |
Executive |
Power constitutionally linked to a single political movement |
|
Estonia |
Republic |
Ceremonial |
Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence |
|
Ethiopia |
Republic |
Ceremonial |
Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence |
|
Fiji |
n/a |
n/a |
No constitutionally-defined basis to current regime |
|
Finland |
Republic |
Executive |
Presidency independent of legislature; ministry subject to parliamentary confidence |
|
France |
Republic |
Executive |
Presidency independent of legislature; ministry subject to parliamentary confidence |
|
Gabon |
Republic |
Executive |
Presidency is independent of legislature |
|
Gambia |
Republic |
Executive |
Presidency is independent of legislature |
|
Georgia |
Republic |
Executive |
Presidency is independent of legislature |
|
Germany |
Republic |
Ceremonial |
Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence |
|
Ghana |
Republic |
Executive |
Presidency is independent of legislature |
|
Greece |
Republic |
Ceremonial |
Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence |
|
Grenada |
Constitutional monarchy |
Ceremonial |
Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence |
|
Guatemala |
Republic |
Executive |
Presidency is independent of legislature |
|
Guinea |
Republic |
Executive |
Presidency is independent of legislature |
|
Guinea-Bissau |
Republic |
Executive |
Presidency independent of legislature; ministry subject to parliamentary confidence |
|
Guyana |
Republic |
Executive |
Presidency independent of legislature; ministry subject to parliamentary confidence |
|
Haiti |
Republic |
Executive |
Presidency is independent of legislature |
|
Honduras |
Republic |
Executive |
Presidency is independent of legislature |
|
Hungary |
Republic |
Ceremonial |
Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence |
|
Iceland |
Republic |
Ceremonial |
Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence |
|
India |
Republic |
Ceremonial |
Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence |
|
Indonesia |
Republic |
Executive |
Presidency is independent of legislature |
|
Iran |
Republic |
Executive |
Presidency is independent of legislature |
|
Iraq |
Republic |
Ceremonial |
Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence |
|
Ireland |
Republic |
Ceremonial |
Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence |
|
Israel |
Republic |
Ceremonial |
Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence |
|
Italy |
Republic |
Ceremonial |
Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence |
|
Jamaica |
Constitutional monarchy |
Ceremonial |
Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence |
|
Japan |
Constitutional monarchy |
Ceremonial |
Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence |
|
Jordan |
Constitutional monarchy |
Executive |
Monarch personally exercises power in concert with other institutions |
|
Kazakhstan |
Republic |
Executive |
Presidency is independent of legislature |
|
Kenya |
Republic |
Executive |
Presidency is independent of legislature |
|
Kiribati |
Republic |
Executive |
Presidency and ministry are subject to parliamentary confidence |
|
Korea, North |
Republic |
Executive |
Power constitutionally linked to a single political movement |
|
Korea, South |
Republic |
Executive |
Presidency independent of legislature; ministry subject to parliamentary confidence |
|
Kosovo |
Republic |
Ceremonial |
Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence |
|
Kuwait |
Constitutional monarchy |
Executive |
Monarch personally exercises power in concert with other institutions |
|
Kyrgyzstan |
Republic |
Executive |
Presidency is independent of legislature |
|
Laos |
Republic |
Executive |
Power constitutionally linked to a single political movement |
|
Latvia |
Republic |
Ceremonial |
Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence |
|
Lebanon |
Republic |
Executive |
Presidency independent of legislature; ministry subject to parliamentary confidence |
|
Lesotho |
Constitutional monarchy |
Ceremonial |
Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence |
|
Liberia |
Republic |
Executive |
Presidency is independent of legislature |
|
Libya |
Republic |
Executive |
Power constitutionally linked to a single political movement |
|
Liechtenstein |
Constitutional monarchy |
Executive |
Monarch personally exercises power in concert with other institutions |
|
Lithuania |
Republic |
Ceremonial |
Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence |
|
Luxembourg |
Constitutional monarchy |
Ceremonial |
Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence |
|
Macedonia |
Republic |
Ceremonial |
Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence |
|
Madagascar |
Republic |
Executive |
Presidency independent of legislature; ministry subject to parliamentary confidence |
|
Malawi |
Republic |
Executive |
Presidency is independent of legislature |
|
Malaysia |
Constitutional monarchy |
Ceremonial |
Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence |
|
Maldives |
Republic |
Executive |
Presidency is independent of legislature |
|
Mali |
Republic |
Executive |
Presidency is independent of legislature |
|
Malta |
Republic |
Ceremonial |
Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence |
|
Marshall Islands |
Republic |
Executive |
Presidency and ministry are subject to parliamentary confidence |
|
Mauritania |
Republic |
Executive |
Presidency independent of legislature; ministry subject to parliamentary confidence |
|
Mauritius |
Republic |
Ceremonial |
Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence |
|
Mexico |
Republic |
Executive |
Presidency is independent of legislature |
|
Micronesia |
Republic |
Executive |
Presidency and ministry are subject to parliamentary confidence |
|
Moldova |
Republic |
Executive |
Presidency independent of legislature; ministry subject to parliamentary confidence |
|
Monaco |
Constitutional monarchy |
Executive |
Monarch personally exercises power in concert with other institutions |
|
Mongolia |
Republic |
Executive |
Presidency independent of legislature; ministry subject to parliamentary confidence |
|
Montenegro |
Republic |
Ceremonial |
Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence |
|
Morocco |
Constitutional monarchy |
Executive |
Monarch personally exercises power in concert with other institutions |
|
Mozambique |
Republic |
Executive |
Presidency is independent of legislature |
|
Myanmar |
n/a |
n/a |
No constitutionally-defined basis to current regime |
|
Namibia |
Republic |
Executive |
Presidency is independent of legislature |
|
Nauru |
Republic |
Executive |
Presidency and ministry are subject to parliamentary confidence |
|
Nepal |
Constitutional monarchy |
Ceremonial |
Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence |
|
Netherlands |
Constitutional monarchy |
Ceremonial |
Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence |
|
New Zealand |
Constitutional monarchy |
Ceremonial |
Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence |
|
Nicaragua |
Republic |
Executive |
Presidency is independent of legislature |
|
Niger |
Republic |
Executive |
Presidency independent of legislature; ministry subject to parliamentary confidence |
|
Nigeria |
Republic |
Executive |
Presidency is independent of legislature |
|
Norway |
Constitutional monarchy |
Ceremonial |
Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence |
|
Oman |
Absolute monarchy |
Executive |
All authority vested in absolute monarch |
|
Pakistan |
Republic |
Executive |
Presidency independent of legislature; ministry subject to parliamentary confidence |
|
Palau |
Republic |
Executive |
Presidency is independent of legislature |
|
Panama |
Republic |
Executive |
Presidency is independent of legislature |
|
Papua New Guinea |
Constitutional monarchy |
Ceremonial |
Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence |
|
Paraguay |
Republic |
Executive |
Presidency is independent of legislature |
|
Peru |
Republic |
Executive |
Presidency is independent of legislature |
|
Philippines |
Republic |
Executive |
Presidency is independent of legislature |
|
Poland |
Republic |
Ceremonial |
Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence |
|
Portugal |
Republic |
Ceremonial |
Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence |
|
Qatar |
Absolute monarchy |
Executive |
All authority vested in absolute monarch |
|
Romania |
Republic |
Executive |
Presidency independent of legislature; ministry subject to parliamentary confidence |
|
Russia |
Republic |
Executive |
Presidency independent of legislature; ministry subject to parliamentary confidence |
|
Rwanda |
Republic |
Executive |
Presidency is independent of legislature |
|
Sahrawi Arab DR |
Republic |
Executive |
Presidency independent of legislature; ministry subject to parliamentary confidence |
|
Saint Kitts and Nevis |
Constitutional monarchy |
Ceremonial |
Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence |
|
Saint Lucia |
Constitutional monarchy |
Ceremonial |
Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence |
|
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines |
Constitutional monarchy |
Ceremonial |
Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence |
|
Samoa |
Republic |
Ceremonial |
Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence |
|
San Marino |
Republic |
Executive |
Presidency and ministry are subject to parliamentary confidence |
|
São Tomé and Príncipe |
Republic |
Executive |
Presidency independent of legislature; ministry subject to parliamentary confidence |
|
Saudi Arabia |
Absolute monarchy |
Executive |
All authority vested in absolute monarch |
|
Senegal |
Republic |
Executive |
Presidency independent of legislature; ministry subject to parliamentary confidence |
|
Serbia |
Republic |
Executive |
Presidency independent of legislature; ministry subject to parliamentary confidence |
|
Seychelles |
Republic |
Executive |
Presidency is independent of legislature |
|
Sierra Leone |
Republic |
Executive |
Presidency is independent of legislature |
|
Singapore |
Republic |
Ceremonial |
Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence |
|
Slovakia |
Republic |
Ceremonial |
Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence |
|
Slovenia |
Republic |
Ceremonial |
Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence |
|
Solomon Islands |
Constitutional monarchy |
Ceremonial |
Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence |
|
Somalia |
Republic |
Executive |
Presidency independent of legislature; ministry subject to parliamentary confidence |
|
South Africa |
Republic |
Executive |
Presidency and ministry are subject to parliamentary confidence |
|
Spain |
Constitutional monarchy |
Ceremonial |
Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence |
|
Sri Lanka |
Republic |
Executive |
Presidency independent of legislature; ministry subject to parliamentary confidence |
|
Sudan |
Republic |
Executive |
Power constitutionally linked to a single political movement |
|
Suriname |
Republic |
Executive |
Presidency and ministry are subject to parliamentary confidence |
|
Swaziland |
Absolute monarchy |
Executive |
All authority vested in absolute monarch |
|
Sweden |
Constitutional monarchy |
Ceremonial |
Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence |
|
Switzerland |
Republic |
Executive |
Presidency and ministry are subject to parliamentary confidence |
|
Syria |
Republic |
Executive |
Power constitutionally linked to a single political movement |
|
Tajikistan |
Republic |
Executive |
Presidency is independent of legislature |
|
Tanzania |
Republic |
Executive |
Presidency is independent of legislature |
|
Thailand |
Constitutional monarchy |
Ceremonial |
Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence |
|
Togo |
Republic |
Executive |
Presidency is independent of legislature |
|
Tonga |
Constitutional monarchy |
Executive |
Monarch personally exercises power in concert with other institutions |
|
Trinidad and Tobago |
Republic |
Ceremonial |
Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence |
|
Tunisia |
Republic |
Executive |
Presidency is independent of legislature |
|
Turkey |
Republic |
Ceremonial |
Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence |
|
Turkmenistan |
Republic |
Executive |
Power constitutionally linked to a single political movement |
|
Tuvalu |
Constitutional monarchy |
Ceremonial |
Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence |
|
Uganda |
Republic |
Executive |
Presidency is independent of legislature |
|
Ukraine |
Republic |
Executive |
Presidency independent of legislature; ministry subject to parliamentary confidence |
|
United Arab Emirates |
Constitutional monarchy |
Executive |
Monarch personally exercises power in concert with other institutions |
|
United Kingdom |
Constitutional monarchy |
Ceremonial |
Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence |
|
United States |
Republic |
Executive |
Presidency is independent of legislature |
|
Uruguay |
Republic |
Executive |
Presidency is independent of legislature |
|
Uzbekistan |
Republic |
Executive |
Presidency is independent of legislature |
|
Vanuatu |
Republic |
Ceremonial |
Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence |
|
Vatican City |
Absolute monarchy |
Executive |
All authority vested in absolute monarch |
|
Venezuela |
Republic |
Executive |
Presidency is independent of legislature |
|
Vietnam |
Republic |
Executive |
Power constitutionally linked to a single political movement |
|
Yemen |
Republic |
Executive |
Presidency is independent of legislature |
|
Zambia |
Republic |
Executive |
Presidency is independent of legislature |
|
Zimbabwe |
Republic |
Executive |
Presidency is independent of legislature |
Notes on color-code
- orange – parliamentary republics
- green – presidential republics, executive presidency linked to a parliament
- yellow – presidential republics, semi-presidential system
- blue – presidential republics, full presidential system
- red – parliamentary constitutional monarchies in which the monarch does not personally exercise power
- magenta – constitutional monarchies in which the monarch personally exercises power, often (but not always) alongside a weak parliament
- purple – absolute monarchies
- brown – republics where the dominant role of a single party is codified in the constitution
- beige – states where constitutional provisions for government have been suspended
- grey – countries which do not fit any of the above systems
